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Leavened foods that are forbidden on the Jewish holiday of Passover

Chametz (also chometz, ḥametz , ḥameṣ, ḥameç and other spellings transliterated from Hebrew: חָמֵץ / חמץ; IPA: [χaˈmets]) are foods with leavening agents that are forbidden on the Jewish vacation of Passover. Co-ordinate to halakha, Jews may non ain, swallow or benefit from chametz during Passover. This police appears several times in the Torah; the punishment for eating chametz on Passover is the divine penalisation of kareth (cutting off).

Chametz is a product that is both fabricated from one of five types of grain and has been combined with water and left to stand raw for longer than eighteen minutes (co-ordinate to most opinions) and becomes leavened.^[1]

Etymology [edit]

The adjective chametz is derived from the mutual Semitic root Ḥ-Chiliad-Ṣ, relating to bread, leavening, and blistering. The related substantive chimutz is the procedure of leavening or fermenting. It is cognate to the Aramaic חמע , "to ferment, leaven" and the Arabic حَمْض ḥamḍ, "acrid", حَمُضَ ḥamuḍa "to be sour", "to become acidic", "to acidify".^{[ citation needed ]} This root relates to acidity and sourness in Hebrew as well, as the word chometz - חומץ‎ - means vinegar, and the word chamootz - חמוץ‎ - means sour.

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The Torah has several commandments governing chametz during Passover:

• The positive commandment to remove all chametz from ane's domicile (Exodus 12:fifteen).^{[2] : §ix}
• Non to possess chametz in one'southward domain. (Exodus 12:19, Deuteronomy sixteen:4).^{[two] : §11, 20}
• Non to swallow chametz, or mixtures containing chametz (Exodus xiii:three, Exodus 12:20, Deuteronomy 16:3).^{[2] : §12, xix}

The prohibitions take consequence effectually late morning on the eve of Passover, or the 14th of the month of Nisan, in the Jewish agenda. Chametz is permitted again from nightfall after the final solar day of Passover, which is the 21st twenty-four hours of the month and the last of the seven days of Unleavened Bread (Exodus 13:half dozen). Traditional Jewish homes spend the days leading upward to Passover cleaning and removing all traces of chametz from the house.

Description [edit]

All fruits, grains, and grasses for example naturally adhere wild yeasts and other microorganisms. This is the basis of all celebrated fermentation processes in man culture that were utilized for the production of beer, wine, staff of life and silage, among others. Chametz from the v grains is the upshot of a natural microbial enzymatic activity which is caused by exposing grain starch—which has not been sterilized, i.e. past baking—to h2o. This causes the dissolved starch to ferment and break downward into sugars which then become nutrients to the naturally contained yeasts. A typical side outcome of this biological leavening is the growth of the naturally-adhering yeasts in the mixture which produce gaseous carbon dioxide from glycolysis which causes the fermented dough to ascension and get increasingly acidic.

The five grains [edit]

According to the Talmud, chametz can but consist of grains of 5 species of grain. Other species are considered not to undergo "leavening" (chimutz), but rather "spoilage" (sirchon), and thus cannot become chametz.^[3]

At to the lowest degree four of the five grains contain loftier levels of gluten. The fifth grain (shibolet shual) is translated in Ashkenazi Jewish tradition as "oats" (which are low in gluten), but many modern scholars interpret instead sympathize it to exist a diversity of barley (high in gluten). If the latter opinion is correct, then all five grains are high in gluten. That suggests that gluten is a necessary component of chametz, as it holds the dough together while rising, assuasive the formation of a fluffy breadstuff loaf.^[4]

Leavening [edit]

Leavening agents, such as yeast or baking soda, are not themselves chametz. Rather, information technology is the fermented grains. Thus yeast may be used in making wine. Similarly, baking soda may be used in Passover baked goods fabricated with matzoh repast and in matzoh balls. Since the matzoh meal used in those foods is already baked, the grain will not ferment. Whether a chemical leavener such as baking soda may be used with flour in making egg matzoh is disputed among gimmicky Sephardic authorities.^[v] In accordance with those who let information technology, cookies made with Passover flour, wine and a chemical leavener (the absenteeism of water would make them similar to egg matzoh under the chametz rules) are marketed in Israel under the name "wine cookies" to Sephardim and others who eat egg matzoh on Passover.

Stringency [edit]

The Torah specifies the punishment of kareth, one of the highest levels of penalty in Jewish tradition, for eating chametz on Passover (Exodus 12:15). During Passover, eating chametz is prohibited no affair how small a proportion it is in a mixture although the usual rule is that if less than 1/60 of a mixture is not kosher, the mixture is permitted. If the dilution happened before Pesach, the usual 1/60 rule applies; however, Ashkenazi Jews apply this leniency just if the mixture is liquid.^[6]

Also, hana'ah (any benefit, such equally selling) from some forms of non-kosher food is permitted, simply no course of benefit may be derived from chametz during Passover. Mixtures containing less than 50% chametz and not eaten by normal people (medicine or pet food, even if it is perfectly edible) may be owned and used on Passover but may not be eaten.^[7]

Removal of chametz [edit]

A small scale bi'ur chametz. Annotation the charred ashes of the lulav palm frond from Sukkot has been used for kindling to reuse a holy object to perform an boosted mitzvah.

Bi'ur chametz (destroying chametz)

In addition to the Biblical prohibition of owning chametz, there is also a positive commandment to remove it from i's possession.^[eight] In that location are three traditional methods of removing chametz:

• Bi'ur: destroying one's chametz. All appropriate methods^{[ specify ]} of destruction are included in this category. On the night preceding the 14th of Nisan, a formal bedikat chametz (search for chametz) is conducted past candlelight. The chametz found in this search is burned the next morning, in a formal bi'ur ceremony.
• Bittul: nullifying one'southward chametz. On the night and once more on the morn of the 14th of Nissan, at the formal bedikah and bi'ur respectively, the caput of the household recites an Aramaic statement nullifying all chametz remaining in the family unit's possession. The statements conclude that the chametz "shall exist nullified and considered ownerless as the dust of the earth." Bittul must be done before the prohibition of chametz takes effect; once five twelfths of the 24-hour interval have passed on Passover eve, bittul is no longer an effective means of removal, and any chametz that one discovers must be destroyed.^[9]
• Mechirah: selling one'southward chametz. Until five twelfths of the mode through Passover Eve 1 may sell or give ane's chametz to a non-Jew, and it is no longer one'southward responsibleness.^[10] One who keeps the sold chametz in a household must seal it abroad so that information technology will not exist visible during the holiday. After the holiday, the non-Jew generally sells the chametz back to the original owners via the amanuensis; however, he is under no obligation to practice and so.

It is considered best to use both bi'ur and bittul to remove one's chametz even though either of these two methods is plenty to fulfill one's biblical requirement to destroy it.^[11] Mechirah, which averts the prohibition of ownership, is an culling to destruction.

Sale of chametz [edit]

In many Jewish communities, the rabbi signs a contract with each congregant, assigning the rabbi as an agent to sell their chametz.^[12] The exercise is convenient for the congregation and ensures that the auction is bounden by both Jewish and local police force.

For chametz owned by the Israel, which includes its state companies, the prison service and the country'south stock of emergency supplies, the Master Rabbinate act as agent; since 1997, the Rabbinate has sold its chametz to Jaaber Hussein, a hotel managing director residing in Abu Ghosh, who puts down a deposit of xx,000 shekels for chametz worth an estimated $150 million.^[xiii]

Chametz found during or after Pesach [edit]

Chametz sign on blocked-off sections of a Jerusalem supermarket during Passover

According to halakha (Jewish law), if chametz is establish during Shabbat or Yom Tov, it must exist covered over until Chol HaMoed, when it tin be burned. Chametz found during Chol HaMoed (except on Shabbat) should be burned immediately.

After the holiday, there is a special law known every bit chametz she'avar alav haPesach (chametz that was owned past a Jew during Pesach). Such chametz must be burned, since no benefit is allowed to be derived from it, not even by selling it to a not-Jew. Chametz she'avar alav haPesach may non be eaten by Jews after Pesach. If a shop owned by a Jew is known not to have sold its chametz, a Jew may not purchase any from that store until enough time has passed in which information technology tin be assumed that the inventory has changed over since Pesach.

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Because of the Torah'south severity regarding the prohibition of chametz, many communities have adopted stringencies not biblically required as safeguards from inadvertent transgression.

Kitniyot [edit]

Amidst Ashkenazi Jews, the custom during Passover is to refrain not only from products of the five grains but besides kitniyot (lit. pocket-sized things), which refers to other grains or legumes. Traditions of what is considered kitniyot vary from customs to community but by and large include rice, corn, lentils, and beans. Many include peanuts besides.^[14]

The custom of kitniyot is observed past Ashkenazi Jews. Some Sephardi Jews from Espana and North Africa (for instance, Moroccan Jews) have different restrictions, such as avoiding rice during Pesach. In recent years, there is some movement among Bourgeois as well as some Orthodox Ashkenazi Jews to cease to observe the tradition of kitniyot.^[xv]

Egg matza [edit]

Matza is mostly made from flour and water. If made from flour and a different liquid, such every bit fruit juice or eggs, it is not considered chametz. However, Ashkenazi custom is mostly to avoid such products, in example some h2o was mixed into the liquid, which could crusade the mixture to become chametz.^[16] This product is known as "egg matza" or "enriched matza".

Gebrochts [edit]

At Passover, some Hasidic Jews will not eat matzo that has become moisture, including matzo balls and other matzo meal products although it cannot become chametz.^[17] Such products are chosen gebrochts (Yiddish: broken), referring to the broken or ground matzo used for blistering or cooking. Instead of matzo meal, they employ potato starch in cakes and other dishes. The Hebrew term for gebrochts is matzo sh'ruyah (Hebrew: מצה שרויה, soaked matzo), but outside State of israel, the Yiddish name is commonly the one that is used.

See besides [edit]

• Kashrut

References [edit]

• Shailut U'Teshuvot HaRashba Vol. one.
• Hilchot Pesach (Laws of Pesach) by Rabbi Shimon Eider.
• Mishnah Berurah §431-453.

1. ^ Rabbi Yaakov Horowitz (2021). "What is Matzah? - Kosher for Passover". OU Kosher. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Sefer ha-Chinuch
3. ^ Yerushalmi Pesachim 2:4 (16b); Talmud Bavli Pesachim 35a
4. ^ Why Are These Cheerios Different from All Other Cheerios?
5. ^ Rabbi Ovadia Yosef permits it since the baking soda produces its own carbon dioxide rather than causing the grain to ferment while Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron and others prohibit it. The question is purely academic to Ashkenazic rabbis since traditionally, most Ashkenazim exercise not egg matzoh on Passover.
6. ^ Shulchan Aruch OC 447:4, and Rema
7. ^ Shulchan Aruch OC 442:4, SA Harav OC 442:22, Rambam Chametz Umatza 4:12
8. ^ Exodus 12:15
9. ^ Shulchan Aruch OC 434:ii, 443:1
10. ^ Shulchan Aruch OC 443:ane, 445:ii
11. ^ Mishnah Berurah §434
12. ^ "Laws of Selling Chametz".
13. ^ "The Muslim guardian of Israel's daily bread". The Contained. vi April 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-04-19. Retrieved 2009-04-19 .
14. ^ "What Foods are Kitniyot: A Kitniyot List - OU Kosher Passover". Passover. 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2019-04-19 .
15. ^ "Va'advertizement Ha'Halakhah - English Summaries (Volume 3)". תשובות לימינו. Schechter Constitute of Jewish Studies. Retrieved 2009-04-19 .
16. ^ "Is Egg Matzah Kosher For Passover".
17. ^ IsraelNationalNews: In Fourth dimension for the Vacation: What is Matzah? How is it Baked?: "Co-ordinate to Jewish Police, once matzo is broiled, information technology cannot become chametz. All the same, some Hasidic communities, do non eat "wetted" matzo, for fright that part of the dough was not sufficiently baked and might become chametz when coming in contact with water."

External links [edit]

• Chabad.org: Chametz
• OUKosher.org: Bedikat Chametz past Rabbi Eli Eleff
• Balashon Hebrew Language Detective: Chametz
• HaRav Eliezer Melamed: General Rules of the Prohibition Against Hametz

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chametz

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